| subject by itself and QUA itself.
| Aristotle was defining first
| propositions as being essential
| propositions; and he referred
| universality to necessity and
| extension to comprehension These
| three criteria were much commented
| upon during the whole scholastic
| period, and were transformed, or
| rather extended, by Ramus and others
| in the sixteenth century. Whereas in
| Aristotle they had expressed the
| initial conditions of any conclusive
| syllogism, in Ramus they became the
| conditions of every systematic art:
| within a system, methodically
| organized for the exhibiting of
| knowledge, any statement must be
| taken in its full extension, it must
| join things which are necessarily
| related and it must be equivalent to
| a definition. But these rules for
| syllogistic or dialectic art in
| Aristotle or Ramus become rules for
| inductive invention in Bacon: and
| their meaning is quite different.
| With the rule of certainty and
| liberty, Bacon aims at directiy
| opposing the old logic, infected by
| syllogistic or rhetoric formalism.