before the word "laws" in what ultimately became Article III of
the Constitution. The implications of the phraseology of this
part of the Constitution are therefore significant:

* Article VI, paragraph 2.


Section I. The judicial power of the United States shall be
vested in one Supreme Court, and in such inferior courts as the
Congress may from time to time ordain and establish. The judges,
both of the Supreme and inferior courts, shall hold their offices
during good behavior, and shall at stated times receive for their
services a compensation which shall not be diminished during
their continuance in office.

Section II. 1. The judicial power shall extend to all cases in
law and equity arising under this Constitution, the laws of the
United States, and treaties made, or which shall be made, under
their authority; to all cases affecting ambassadors, other public
ministers, and consuls; to all cases of admiralty and maritime
jurisdiction; to controversies to which the United States shall
be a party; to controversies between two or more States, between
a State and citizens of another State, between citizens of
different States, between citizens of the same State claiming
lands under grants of different States, and between a State, or
the citizens thereof, and foreign states, citizens, or subjects.


Such, then, is the verbal basis of the power of the courts, and
particularly of the Supreme Court, to review the legislation of