by Jefferson, Madison, and Jackson,-the three Presidents who above
all others represented the republican idea which Paine first allied
with American Independence. Those who suppose that Paine did but
reproduce the principles of Rousseau and Locke will find by careful
study of his well-weighed language that such is not the case. Paine's
political principles were evolved out of his early Quakerism. He was
potential in George Fox. The belief that every human soul was the
child of God, and capable of direct inspiration from the Father of
all, without mediator or priestly intervention, or sacramental
instrumentality, was fatal to all privilege and rank. The universal
Fatherhood implied universal Brotherhood, or human equality. But the
fate of the Quakers proved the necessity of protecting the individual
spirit from oppression by the majority as well as by privileged
classes. For this purpose Paine insisted on surrounding the
individual right with the security of the Declaration of Rights, not
to be invaded by any government; and would reduce government to an
association limited in its operations to the defence of those rights
which the individual is unable, alone, to maintain.

From the preceding chapter it will be seen that Part Second of
" Rights of Man " was begun by Paine in the spring of 1791. At the
close of that year, or early in 1792, he took up his abode with his
friend Thomas" Clio " Rickman, at No. 7 Upper Marylebone Street.
Rickman was a radical publisher; the house remains still a
book-binding establishment, and seems little changed since Paine
therein revised the proofs of Part Second on a table which Rickman
marked with a plate, and which is now in possession of Mr. Edward
Truelove. As the plate states, Paine wrote on the same table other
works which appeared in England in 1792.