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The Souls of Black Folk by W. E. B. (William Edward Burghardt) Du Bois
page 34 of 255 (13%)
Negro education in the South was at first bitter, and showed
itself in ashes, insult, and blood; for the South believed an
educated Negro to be a dangerous Negro. And the South was
not wholly wrong; for education among all kinds of men
always has had, and always will have, an element of danger
and revolution, of dissatisfaction and discontent. Nevertheless,
men strive to know. Perhaps some inkling of this paradox,
even in the unquiet days of the Bureau, helped the bayonets
allay an opposition to human training which still to-day lies
smouldering in the South, but not flaming. Fisk, Atlanta,
Howard, and Hampton were founded in these days, and six
million dollars were expended for educational work, seven
hundred and fifty thousand dollars of which the freedmen
themselves gave of their poverty.

Such contributions, together with the buying of land and
various other enterprises, showed that the ex-slave was han-
dling some free capital already. The chief initial source of this
was labor in the army, and his pay and bounty as a soldier.
Payments to Negro soldiers were at first complicated by the
ignorance of the recipients, and the fact that the quotas of
colored regiments from Northern States were largely filled by
recruits from the South, unknown to their fellow soldiers.
Consequently, payments were accompanied by such frauds
that Congress, by joint resolution in 1867, put the whole
matter in the hands of the Freedmen's Bureau. In two years
six million dollars was thus distributed to five thousand claim-
ants, and in the end the sum exceeded eight million dollars.
Even in this system fraud was frequent; but still the work put
needed capital in the hands of practical paupers, and some, at
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