action, they must be innervated or activated by impulses
originating in the brain.

For instance, if it is necessary that the glottis be contracted to
a point which we will call "half-open" for the production of a
certain sound, the brain must first send a message to that organ
before the necessary movement can take place. In saying the word
"you," for instance, it would be necessary for the tongue to press
tip against the base of the lower row of front teeth. But before
the tongue can assume that position, it is necessary that the
brain send to the tongue a message directing what is to be done.

When the number of different organs involved in the production of
the simplest word of one syllable is considered (such as the word
"you" just mentioned), and when it is further considered that
separate brain messages must be sent to each of the organs,
muscles or parts concerned in the production of that word, then it
will be understood that the process of speaking is a most
complicated one, involving not only numerous physical organs but
also intricate mental processes.

When all of the organs concerned in the production of speech are
working properly and when the brain sends prompt and correct brain
impulses to them, the result is perfect speech, the free, fluent
and easy conversation of the good talker. But when any or all of
these organs fail to function properly, due to inco-ordination,
the result is discord--and defective utterance.

CAUSE OF DEFECTIVE UTTERANCE: Now, let us consider the cause of
defective utterance. What is it that causes the organ, muscle or