rights in broad terms in section 106, and then to provide various
limitations, qualifications, or exemptions in the 12 sections that
follow. Thus, everything in section 106 is made "subject to sections 107
through 118," and must be read in conjunction with those provisions.

* * *

*Rights of reproduction, adaptation, and publication*

The first three clauses of section 106, which cover all rights under a
copyright except those of performance and display, extend to every kind
of copyrighted work. The exclusive rights encompassed by these clauses,
though closely related, are independent; they can generally be
characterized as rights of copying, recording, adaptation, and
publishing. A single act of infringement may violate all of these rights
at once, as where a publisher reproduces, adapts, and sells copies of a
person's copyrighted work as part of a publishing venture. Infringement
takes place when any one of the rights is violated: where, for example,
a printer reproduces copies without selling them or a retailer sells
copies without having anything to do with their reproduction. The
references to "copies or phonorecords," although in the plural, are
intended here and throughout the bill to include the singular (1 U.S.C.
Sec. 1).

*Reproduction.*--Read together with the relevant definitions in section
101, the right "to reproduce the copyrighted work in copies or
phonorecords" means the right to produce a material object in which the
work is duplicated, transcribed, imitated, or simulated in a fixed form
from which it can be "perceived, reproduced, or otherwise communicated,
either directly or with the aid of a machine or device." As under the