wages, without an excess above the cost of production.

8. Vol. iv. p. 35.

9. The more general surplus here alluded to is meant to include
the profits of the farmer, as well as the rents of the landlord;
and, therefore, includes the whole fund for the support of those
who are not directly employed upon the land. Profits are, in
reality, a surplus, as they are in no respect proportioned (as
intimated by the Economists) to the wants and necessities of the
owners of capital. But they take a different course in the
progress of society from rents, and it is necessary, in general,
to keep them quite separate.

10. According to the calculations of Mr Colquhoun, the value of
our trade, foreign and domestic, and of our manufactures,
exclusive of raw materials, is nearly equal to the gross value
derived from the land. In no other large country probably is this
the case. P. Colquhoun, Treatise on the wealth, power, and
resources of the British Empire, 2nd ed. (1815), p. 96. The whole
annual produce is estimated at about 430 millions, and the
products of agriculture at about 216 millions.

11. To the honour of Scotch cultivators, it should be observed,
that they have applied their capitals so very skilfully and
economically, that at the same time that they have prodigiously
increased the produce, they have increase the landlord's
proportion ot it. The difference between the landlord's share of
the produce in Scotland and in England is quite extraordinary--
much greater than can be accounted for, either by the natural