diminish crime its causes must be eliminated, --The aim and
scope of penal substitutes, --Difficulty of applying penal
substitutes, --Difference between social and police prevention,
--Limited efficacy of punishment, --Summary of conclusions.

CHAPTER III.

PRACTICAL REFORMS

Criminal sociology and penal legislation, --Classification
of punishments, --The reform of criminal procedure, --The
two principles of judicial procedure, --Principles
determining the nature of the sentence, --Present principles of
penal procedure a reaction against mediaeval abuses, --The
``presumption of innocence,'' --The verdict of ``Not Proven,''
--The right of appeal, --A second trial, --Reparation to
the victims of crime, --Need for a Ministry of Justice, --
Public and private prosecutors, --The growing tendency to drop
criminal charges, --The tendency to minimise the official
returns of crime, --Roman penal law, --Revision of judicial
errors, --Reparation to persons wrongly convicted, --
Provision of funds for this purpose, --Reparation to persons
wrongly prosecuted, --Many criminal offences should be tried as
civil offences, --The object of a criminal trial. II. The
crime and the criminal, --The stages of a criminal trial, --
The evidence, --Anthropological evidence, --The utilisation
of hypnotism, --Psychological and psycho-pathological evidence,
--The credibility of witnesses, --Expert evidence, --An
advocate of the poor, --The judge and his qualifications, --
Civil and criminal judges should be distinct functionaries,