--Criminal heredity, --Incorrigible offenders, --
Cumulative sentences, --Uncorrected or incorrigible criminals,
--Cellular prisons, --Solitary confinement, --The
progressive system of imprisonment, --The evils of cellular
imprisonment, --The cell does not secure separation, --
Costliness of the cellular system, --Labour under the cellular
system, --Open-air work the best for prisoners, --The
treatment of habitual criminals, --The treatment of occasional
criminals, --The treatment of young offenders, --
Futility of short sentences, --Substitutes for short sentences,
--Compulsory work without imprisonment, --Conditional
sentences, --Conditional sentences in Belgium, --Conditional
sentences in the United States, --Objections to conditional
sentences, --When the conditional sentence is legitimate, --
The treatment of criminals of passion, --Conclusion.



INTRODUCTION.

THE POSITIVE SCHOOL OF CRIMINAL LAW.

During the past twelve or fourteen years Italy has poured forth a
stream of new ideas on the subject of crime and criminals; and
only the short-sightedness of her enemies or the vanity of her
flatterers can fail to recognise in this stream something more
than the outcome of individual labours.

A new departure in science is a simple phenomenon of nature,
determined in its origin and progress, like all such phenomena, by