Invention of the foolscap livery--Correspondence of the Duchess and
of the Cardinal with Philip upon the subject--Entire withdrawal of
the three seigniors from the state council--the King advises with
Alva concerning the recall of Granvelle--Elaborate duplicity of
Philip's arrangements--His secret note to the Cardinal--His
dissembling letters to others--Departure of Granvelle from the
Netherlands--Various opinions as to its cause--Ludicrous conduct of
Brederode and Hoogstraaten--Fabulous statements in Granvelle's
correspondence concerning his recall--Universal mystification--The
Cardinal deceived by the King--Granvelle in retirement--His
epicureanism--Fears in the provinces as to his return--Universal joy
at his departure--Representations to his discredit made by the
Duchess to Philip--Her hypocritical letters to the Cardinal--
Masquerade at Count Mansfeld's--Chantonnay's advice to his brother--
Review of Granvelle's administration and estimate of his character.

On the 11th March, 1563, Orange, Horn, and Egmont united in a remarkable
letter to the King. They said that as their longer "taciturnity" might
cause the ruin of his Majesty's affairs, they were at last compelled to
break silence. They hoped that the King would receive with benignity a
communication which was pure, frank, and free from all passion. The
leading personages of the province, they continued, having thoroughly
examined the nature and extent of Cardinal Granvelle's authority, had
arrived at the conclusion that every thing was in his hands. This
persuasion, they said, was rooted in the hearts of all his Majesty's
subjects, and particularly in their own, so deeply, that it could not be
eradicated as long as the Cardinal remained. The King was therefore
implored to consider the necessity of remedying the evil. The royal
affairs, it was affirmed, would never be successfully conducted so long
as they were entrusted to Granvelle, because he was so odious to so many