with the pointed abdomen the pupa case emerges. The cast skin
rapidly darkens, and as I never have found a trace of it in an
opened earth ball in the spring, I suppose it disintegrates
rapidly, or what is more possible, is eaten by small borers that
swarm through the top six inches of the earth's crust.

The pupa is thickly coated with a sticky substance that seems to
serve the double purpose of facilitating its exit from the
caterpillar skin and to dry over it in a glossy waterproof
coating. At first the pupa is brownish green and flattened, but as
it dries it rapidly darkens in colour and assumes the shape of a
perfect specimen. Concerning this stage of the evolution of a moth
the doctors disagree.

The emergence I have watched repeatedly, studied photographically,
and recorded in the tabulated records from which I wrote the
following life histories. At time to appear I believe the pupa
bores its way with the sharp point of the abdomen; at least I
have seen Celeus, and Carolina, Regalis and Imperialis coming
through the surface, abdomen tip first. Once free, they press
with the feet against the wing shields, burst them away and leave
the case at the thorax. Each moth I ever have seen emerge has been
wet and the empty case damp inside. I have poured three large
drops of pinkish liquid the consistency of thin cream from the abdominal
rings of a Regalis case. Undoubtedly this liquid is ejected by
the moth to enable it to break loose from and leave the case with
its delicate down intact. The furry scales of its covering are so
loosely set that any violent struggle with dry down would disfigure
the moth.