broth are made to him every morning. Putting a mare's collar on one's
neck and walking nine times around a church is thought to be a certain
means of attracting one to the place desired. Para is a mystical,
three-legged being, constructed in many ways, and which, according to
Castren, attains life and action when its possessor, cutting the little
finger of his left hand, lets three drops of blood fall upon it, and at
the same time pronouncing the proper magic word. The possessor, by
whatever means, of this mystic being, is always supplied with abundance
of milk and cheese. The Maahiset are the dwarfs of Finnish mythology.
Their abode is under stumps, trees, blocks, thresholds and
hearth-stones. Though exceedingly minute and invisible to man they
have human forms. They are irritable and resentful, and they punish
with ulcers, tetter, ringworms, pimples, and other cutaneous
affections, all those who neglect them at brewings, bakings, and
feastings. They punish in a similar manner those who enter new houses
without making obeisance to the four corners, and paying them other
kindly attentions; those who live in untidy houses are also likewise
punished. The Kirkonwaeki (church-folk) are little deformed beings
living under the altars of churches. These misshapen things are
supposed to be able to aid their sorrowing and suffering worshipers.

Certain beasts, and birds, and trees, are held sacred in Finland. In
the Kalevala are evident traces of arctolatry, bear-worship, once very
common among the tribes of the north, Otso, the bear, according to
Finnish mythology, was born on the shoulders of Otava, in the regions
of the sun and moon, and "nursed by a goddess of the woodlands in a
cradle swung by bands of gold between the bending branches of budding
fir-trees." His nurse would not give him teeth and claws until he had
promised never to engage in bloody strife, or deeds of violence. Otso,
however, does not always keep his pledge, and accordingly the hunters