forbidden to be alienated or pledged, except to redeem
captives from bondage. If any one attempts to consecrate a
thing for himself and by his own authority, its character is un-
altered, and it does not become sacred. The ground on which
a sacred building is erected remains sacred even after the
destruction of the building, as was declared also by Papinian.
9 Any one can devote a place to superstitious uses of his own
free will, that is to say, by burying a dead body in his own land.
It is not lawful, however, to bury in land which one owns jointly
with some one else, and which has not hitherto been used for
this purpose, without the other's consent, though one may
lawfully bury in a common sepulchre even without such con-
sent. Again, the owner may not devote a place to superstitious
uses in which another has a usufruct, without the consent of the
latter. It is lawful to bury in another man's ground, if he gives
permission, and the ground thereby becomes religious even
though he should not give his consent to the interment till after
it has taken place. 10 Sanctioned things, too, such as city walls
and gates, are, in a sense, subject to divine law, and therefore
are not owned by any individual. Such walls are said to be
`sanctioned,' because any offence against them is visited with
capital punishment; for which reason those parts of the laws in
which we establish a penalty for their transgressors are called
sanctions.

11 Things become the private property of individuals in many
ways; for the titles by which we acquire ownership in them are
some of them titles of natural law, which, as we said, is called
the law of nations, while some of them are titles of civil law. It
will thus be most convenient to take the older law first: and