garrison numbered nearly 3,000 effective regulars, with
about 1,000 militiamen and some 500 Indians. Seventeen
mortars and over two hundred cannon were mounted on the
walls, as well as on the outworks at the Royal, Island,
and Lighthouse Batteries. There were thirteen vessels in
the fleet, mounting 590 guns, and carrying over 3,500
men. This made the French grand total about 800 guns and
8,000 men. But not all these were really effective. Ships
at anchor lose a good deal of their fighting value. Crews
are less efficient when ashore than when they are afloat;
and the French ships were mostly fought at anchor, while
the crews were gradually landed for the defence of the
crowded little town. Then, the Indians were comparatively
useless in a fort. The militia were not good soldiers
anywhere. Moreover, the three kinds of regulars--French,
Canadian, and foreign--did not get on very well together;
while the fleet, as a whole, got on no better with the
army as a whole.

The British amphibious force presented a striking contrast
to this. Its naval and military parts worked together
like the two branches of one United Service. The Army
and Navy naturally understood each other better than the
two services of less amphibious countries; and when a
statesman like Pitt and a first lord of the Admiralty
like Anson were together at headquarters there was no
excuse for misunderstandings at the front. Boscawen and
Amherst, both distinguished members of distinguished
Service families, were the best of colleagues. Boscawen
had somewhat over, Amherst a little under, 12,000 men.