from the teachings of Karl Marx. Karl Marx was a German Jew, who lived
between 1818 and 1883. Marx early became known for his radical views
on political and economic subjects. In 1848, he published, in
collaboration with Frederick Engels, the well-known Communist
Manifesto. The Manifesto, which has been called the "birth-cry of
modern socialism," gives in concise form the essence of the socialist
doctrine. In 1864 Marx helped organize the "International," a
federation of radical thinkers, with affiliations in the different
countries of Europe. In 1867 he published the first volume of his
famous work, _Capital_, which elaborated the views set forth in the
Manifesto, and which has since been adopted as the "Bible of
Socialism." Due to the great influence which Marx has exerted upon
socialist doctrine, he may justly be called the founder and
inspiration of modern socialism.

125. THE SOCIALIST INDICTMENT.--The claims of socialism, as formulated
by Marx and elaborated by his followers, constitute a serious
indictment of present-day society. Socialists point out, for example,
that the capitalistic system has numerous faults. They call attention
to the fact that capitalism involves enormous wastes in materials and
men; they show that luxurious and injurious goods are produced; and
they maintain that in the past natural resources have often been
monopolized by a few. They believe the system of private property to
be unjust, and declare that free competition involves needless
duplication of effort. At the present time, it is contended, all the
good things of life go to a few, while the masses remain in poverty
and misery. Socialists declare that the fruits of capitalism are
unemployment, industrial accidents, crime, vice, poverty, disease, and
premature death. These charges are serious, and Chapter XVI will be
devoted to their critical examination. In this chapter we are