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Substance Attribute
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Quality Relation

80. A Substance is a thing which can be conceived to exist by
itself. All bodies are material substances. The soul, as a thinking
subject, is an immaterial substance.

81. An Attribute is a thing which depends for its existence upon a
substance, e.g. greenness, hardness, weight, which cannot be
conceived to exist apart from green, hard, and heavy substances.

82. A Quality is an attribute which does not require more than one
substance for its existence. The attributes just mentioned are
qualities. There might be greenness, hardness, and weight, if there
were only one green, hard and heavy substance in the universe.

83. A Relation is an attribute which requires two or more substances
for its existence, e.g. nearness, fatherhood, introduction.

84. When we say that a substance can be conceived to exist by
itself, what is meant is that it can be conceived to exist
independently of other substances. We do not mean that substances can
be conceived to exist independently of attributes, nor yet out of
relation to a mind perceiving them. Substances, so far as we can know
them, are only collections of attributes. When therefore we say that
substances can be conceived to exist by themselves, whereas attributes
are dependent for their existence upon substances, the real meaning of