TS'AO: principality in South-west Shan Tung; neighbour of Lu, Wei,
and Sung (same family as Chou).

TS'AI: principality in Ho Nan, south of CH'EN (same family as
Chou).

LU: principality in South-west Shan Tung, between Ts'ao and Ts'i
(its founder was the brother of the Chou founder).

HUe: very small principality in Ho Nan, south of Cheng (same
obscure eastern ancestry as Ts'i),

K'I: Shan Tung promontory and German sphere (of Hia dynasty
descent); it is often confused with, or is quite the same as,
another principality called _Ki_ (without the aspirate).

The above are practically all the states whose participation in
Chinese development has been historically of importance,




NAMES OF CHIEF PERSONAGES

CONFUCIUS: after 500 B.C. premier of Lu; traced his descent back
through the Chou dynasty vassal ruling family of Sung to the Shang
dynasty family.

TSZ-CH'AN: elder contemporary of Confucius; premier of Cheng;