North Africa the governors are sent by France, in the Congo lands by
Belgium, in East Africa by England, in some other parts by Portugal.
These are different European nations who send men to keep peace, and
to make it possible to carry on trade. Of course, the coming of the
Europeans has made great changes in the lives of the Africans. In the
old times all the men were busy fighting, and often whole villages of
people were killed or made slaves. Now there is no fighting, but
there is more need to work than before. There are more people, and
less land for each family. Europeans want workmen to help on their
great fields. The Africans want many things now, which they did not
know about before, and they must have money to buy them. So work for
money has taken the place of fighting. Again, in some ways the
Europeans, enforcing peace and making many quick ways of travel, such
as good roads and bridges, have helped to weaken the power of the
chiefs. Nobody likes changes to come, and the old people are always
sorry when their children begin new customs; but on the whole it is
good for Africans that other nations came to their country, because
they have brought peace in the place of war, and safety and freedom
instead of the old fear of death or slavery.

II
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EGYPT

1. The Country and its River

Egypt is a country in the north of Africa. It has sea to the north
and sea to the east. On the north it is called the Mediterranean Sea,
and on the east the Red Sea. On the west is the great sandy desert
called the Sahara, and to the south are great forests and mountains.