troops and ships were gathered at Boulogne. Swedes were to join from
Gothenburg. On Christmas Eve, 1745, nothing was ready, and the
secret leaked out. A million was sent to Scotland; the money arrived
too late; we shall hear more of it. {33a} The Duke of York, though
he fought well at Antwerp, was kneeling in every shrine, and was in
church when the news of Culloden was brought to him. This
information he gave, in the present century, to one of the Stair
family. {33b} The rivalries and enmities went on increasing and
multiplying into cross-divisions after Charles made his escape to
France in August 1746. He was filled with distrust of his father's
advisers; his own were disliked by James. The correspondence of
Horace Mann, and of Walton, an English agent in Florence, shows that
England received all intelligence sent to James from Paris, and knew
all that passed in James's cabinet in Rome. {33c} The Abbe Grant was
suspected of being the spy.

Among so many worse than doubtful friends, Charles, after 1746, took
his own course; even his father knew little or nothing of his
movements. Between his departure from Avignon (February 1749) and
the accession of Pickle to the Hanoverian side (Autumn 1749 or 1750),
Charles baffled every Foreign Office in Europe. Indeed, Pickle was
of little service till 1751 or 1752. Curious light on Charles's
character, and on the entangled quarrels of the Jacobites, is cast by
d'Argenson's 'Memoires.' In Spring, 1747, the Duke of York
disappeared from Paris, almost as cleverly as Charles himself could
have done. D'Argenson thus describes his manoeuvre. 'He fled from
Paris with circumstances of distinguished treachery' (insigne
fourberie) towards his brother, the Prince. He invited Charles to
supper; his house was brilliantly lighted up; all his servants were
in readiness; but HE had made his escape by five o'clock in the