admission with lances at rest, visor down, banners unfurled and
trumpets of war sounding.

The bourgeois refused. They offered the King of France, as a
last concession, a peaceful entrance, lances erect, and the royal
banner alone unfurled. The King laid siege to the town, a siege
which lasted three months, during which, says the chronicler,
the bourgeois of Avignon returned the French soldiers arrow for
arrow, wound for wound, death for death.

The city capitulated at length. Louis VIII. brought the Roman
Cardinal-Legate, Saint-Angelo, in his train. It was he who dictated
the terms, veritable priestly terms, hard and unconditional.
The Avignonese were commanded to demolish their ramparts, to
fill their moats, to raze three hundred towers, to sell their
vessels, and to burn their engines and machines of war. They
had moreover to pay an enormous impost, to abjure the Vaudois
heresy, and maintain thirty men fully armed and equipped, in
Palestine, to aid in delivering the tomb of Christ. And finally,
to watch over the fulfillment of these terms, of which the bull
is still extant in the city archives, a brotherhood of penitents
was founded which, reaching down through six centuries, still
exists in our days.

In opposition to these penitents, known as the "White Penitents,"
the order of the "Black Penitents" was founded, imbued with the
spirit of opposition of Raymond of Toulouse.

From that day forth the religious hatreds developed into political
hatreds. It was not sufficient that Avignon should be the land