presumably the Hatti Empire of Cappadocia. In earlier days the Cretans,
or their kin of Mycenaean Greece in the latest Aegean age, had been able
to plant no more than a few inconsiderable colonies of traders on
Anatolian shores. Now, however, their descendants were being steadily
reinforced from the west by members of a younger Aryan race, who mixed
with the natives of the coast, and gradually mastered or drove them
inland. Inconsiderable as this European soakage into the fringe of the
neighbouring continent must have seemed at that moment, we know that it
was inaugurating a process which ultimately would affect profoundly all
the history of Hither Asia. That Greek Ionian colonization first
attracts notice round about 1000 B.C. marks the period as a cardinal
point in history. We cannot say for certain, with our present knowledge,
that any one of the famous Greek cities had already begun to grow on the
Anatolian coasts. There is better evidence for the so early existence of
Miletus, where the German excavators have found much pottery of the
latest Aegean age, than of any other. But, at least, it is probable that
Greeks were already settled on the sites of Cnidus, Teos, Smyrna,
Colophon, Phocea, Cyme and many more; while the greater islands Rhodes,
Samos, Chios and Mitylene had apparently received western settlers
several generations ago, perhaps before even the first Achaean raids
into Asia.

The western visitor, if he pushed inland, would have avoided the
south-western districts of the peninsula, where a mountainous country,
known later as Caria, Lycia, and Pisidia, was held by primitive hill-men
settled in detached tribal fashion like modern Albanians. They had never
yet been subdued, and as soon as the rising Greek ports on their coasts
should open a way for them to the outer world, they would become known
as admirable mercenary soldiery, following a congenial trade which, if
the Pedasu, who appear in records of Egyptian campaigns of the