later date; and since some of their names appear in both these sets of
records, we may safely assign them to the same localities during the
intermediate period. Such are Kas in later Lycaonia, Tabal or Tubal in
south-eastern Cappadocia, Khilakku, which left its name to historical
Cilicia, and Kue in the rich eastern Cilician plain and the
north-eastern hills. In north Syria again we find both in early and in
late times Kummukh, which left to its district the historic name,
Commagene. All these principalities, as their earlier monuments prove,
shared the same Hatti civilization as the Mushki and seem to have had
the same chief deities, the axe-bearing Sandan, or Teshup, or Hadad,
whose sway we have noted far west in Lydia, and also a Great Mother, the
patron of peaceful increase, as he was of warlike conquest. But whether
this uniformity of civilization implies any general overlord, such as
the Mushki king, is very questionable. The past supremacy of the Hatti
is enough to account for large community of social features in 1000 B.C.
over all Asia Minor and north Syria.


SECTION 7. SYRIA

It is time for our traveller to move on southward into "Hatti-land," as
the Assyrians would long continue to call the southern area of the old
Hatti civilization. He would have found Syria in a state of greater or
less disintegration from end to end. Since the withdrawal of the strong
hands of the Hatti from the north and the Egyptians from the south, the
disorganized half-vacant land had been attracting to itself successive
hordes of half-nomadic Semites from the eastern and southern steppes. By
1000 B.C. these had settled down as a number of Aramaean societies each
under its princeling. All were great traders. One such society
established itself in the north-west, in Shamal, where, influenced by