a spark of that romantic valour, or of the pride generally associated
with it, which fought on for the point of honour, when the point
of utility had been long gained. Calm, crafty, and profoundly
attentive to his own interest, he made every sacrifice, both of
pride and passion, which could interfere with it. He was careful in
disguising his real sentiments and purposes from all who approached
him, and frequently used the expressions, "that the king knew not
how to reign, who knew not how to dissemble; and that, for himself,
if he thought his very cap knew his secrets, he would throw it
into the fire." No man of his own, or of any other time, better
understood how to avail himself of the frailties of others, and
when to avoid giving any advantage by the untimely indulgence of
his own.

He was by nature vindictive and cruel, even to the extent of finding
pleasure in the frequent executions which he commanded. But, as
no touch of mercy ever induced him to spare, when he could with
safety condemn, so no sentiment of vengeance ever stimulated him
to a premature violence. He seldom sprang on his prey till it was
fairly within his grasp, and till all hope of rescue was vain; and
his movements were so studiously disguised, that his success was
generally what first announced to the world the object he had been
manoeuvring to attain.

In like manner, the avarice of Louis gave way to apparent profusion,
when it was necessary to bribe the favourite or minister of a rival
prince for averting any impending attack, or to break up any alliance
confederated against him. He was fond of license and pleasure; but
neither beauty nor the chase, though both were ruling passions, ever
withdrew him from the most regular attendance to public business and