Piles similar to Fig. 31 can only be fixed in sand, as was the
case at Waterloo, because they must be absolutely true to line
and level, otherwise the pipes cannot be laid in the cradles.
The method of fixing these piles is described by Mr. Ben
Howarth (Minutes of Proceedings of Inst.C.E., Vol. CLXXV.) as
follows:--"The pile was slung vertically into position from a
four-legged derrick, two legs of which were on each side of the
trench; a small winch attached to one pair of the legs lifted
and lowered the pile, through a block and tackle. When the pile
was ready to be sunk, a 2 in iron pipe was let down the centre,
and coupled to a force-pump by means of a hose; a jet of water
was then forced down this pipe, driving the sand and silt away
from below the pile. The pile was then rotated backwards and
forwards about a quarter of a turn, by men pulling on the arms;
the pile, of course, sank by its own weight, the water-jet
driving the sand up through the hollow centre and into the
trench, and it was always kept vertical by the sling from the
derrick. As soon as the pile was down to its final level the ground
was filled in round the arms, and in this running sand the pile
became perfectly fast and immovable a few minutes after the
sinking was completed. The whole process, from the first
slinging of the pile to the final setting, did not take more
than 20 or 25 minutes."

[Illustration: PLATE V.

ROCK BED. Fig. 26--ABERDEEN SEA OUTFALL. Fig. 27--SMALL GREAT
CROSBY SEA OUTFALL. Fig. 29--CAST IRON PIPE ON STEEL CAST AND
BEARERS. Fig. 31--WATERLOO (LIVERPOOL) SEA OUTFALL.]