4. Give causes of liver disorders.

5. What are the symptoms?

6. What are the most important natural cures?

7. What rule may be given for adapting suitable laxatives to different
classes of animals?




CHAPTER VI

DISEASES OF THE URINARY ORGANS


GENERAL DISCUSSION.--The urinary apparatus is composed of two glands, the
kidneys and an excretory apparatus that carries the excretion of the
kidneys to the outside.

The kidneys are situated in the superior region of the abdominal cavity
(sublumbar) above the peritoneum, and to the right and left of the median
line. They are highly vascular glands, somewhat bean-shaped and of a deep
red color. These glands are capable of removing from the blood a fluid that
is essentially different in composition and which, if retained in the
blood, would be harmful or poisonous to the body tissues.

The kidney excretions are carried from the pelvis of the kidneys by the