_Inflammation of the sheath_ can be readily recognized because of the local
swelling.

_The following lines of treatment_ are recommended: A ration or feed that
favors the formation of calculi should not be fed to animals; inflammation
of the sheath should receive prompt treatment--this consists in irrigating
the part with warm, soapy or alkaline water, followed by an antiseptic
wash; we may attempt to work the urethral calculi forward and out of the
S-curve in the urethra; if this is unsuccessful, urethrotomy for their
removal may be attempted.

The retention of the urine in horses, because of spasm or paralysis of
certain muscles, may be treated by passing the catheter. Sometimes
spreading litter under the horse and keeping it quiet may induce it to
urinate. Hot packs over the region of the back may be used. The treatment
for calculi is entirely surgical. The operation for the removal of cystic
calculi in the horse, although difficult, is followed by good results.


QUESTIONS

1. Describe the urinary apparatus.

2. Give the composition of the urine and quantity secreted in the different
animals.

3. State method of determining quantity and composition of urine secreted
by different domestic animals.

4. Give the causes and treatment of excessive urination.