barbarous method which we adopt for burning coal in this country adds to
the dust the fumes which necessarily result from combustion, as well as
a quantity of soot and tarry matter, a soot which assists in forming the
black canopy which it is the fashion in England to consider the proper
attribute of a large town.

He quoted the opinions of eminent scientific men to show that it was
possible, under proper methods of burning coal, to lessen the intensity
of fogs, and so to lessen materially the causes of ill-health,
terminating in fatal disease of those subject to them. In dealing with
the wide subject of the "general effect of sanitary conditions upon
health," he gave some remarkable facts showing that sanitary work had
reduced the death-rate of the European army in India from 60 per 1,000
to 16 per 1,000; that the deaths from tubercular disease in the army at
home used to be 10 per 1,000--the sum total now of the total deaths from
all causes in a time of peace--a reduction due to the improved hygienic
conditions under which soldiers now live; that the death-rate in a
certain part of Newcastle (now removed) used to be 54 per 1,000, and of
the entire borough 26.1 so lately as seven years ago, while now it was
21.8; that in parts of London, where the people were ill-lodged and
crowded, as in parts of Limehouse, Whitechapel, Aldgate, and St.
Giles's, the death-rates were 50 per cent. above the death-rates in more
open parts of the same districts, and that when proper dwellings were
erected the death-rates fell from 50 in the 1,000 to not more than 20
per 1,000. He then spoke of the advantage arising to the health of the
population generally by the new dwellings for artisans.

He remarked that these improved dwellings "afford accommodation to a
population per acre as dense as, and in most cases even denser than,
that afforded by the buildings which they replaced. Within limits it is