upon those of Shammai. The sayings of Judah ha-Nasi, the redactor of
the _Mishnah_, and of Rabbi Gamaliel, his son, were undoubtedly added
after the time of Judah.

(14) See _supra_, p. 13, n. 9.

Chapter III contains the sayings of authorities who were the
predecessors of Judah, the first two having lived before the
destruction of the second Temple. Chapter IV is made up of the dicta
of a number of Rabbis who were contemporaries of Judah. These two
chapters were, no doubt, inserted by Judah, the redactor of the
_Mishnah_ as we virtually have it to-day. Evidence that Chapter IV is
an addition to the original _Abot_ is that it has a number of
aphorisms which are repetitions of some found in Chapters I and II.
The greater part of Chapter V, as stated above, was a portion of the
_Abot_ of Rabbi Akiba.

Chapter VI, which is known as _The Chapter on the Acquisition of
Torah_ (_Perek Kinyan Torah_), as _The External Teaching of the Abot_
(_Baraita de-Abot_) (15), as _The Chapter of Rabbi Meir_ (_Perek Rabbi
Meir_) (16), and as _the External Teaching of Rabbi Meir_ (_Baraita
de-Rabbi Meir_), is a supplement of the treatise _Abot_, as is claimed
for it by its superscription, "the sages taught in the language of the
_Mishnah_," a formula generally used in the _Talmud_ to introduce a
_Baraita_. One of the authorities mentioned in it is Joshua ben Levi,
a Palestinian _amora_ (an authority of the _Gemara_) who lived during
the third century. This demonstrates the comparatively late date of
the final redaction of this chapter. By the middle of the ninth
century it formed a part of the treatise _Abot_. It was added to the
prayer-book to be read on the sixth Sabbath of the period between