4. pugnatum est, 'the battle raged' or 'they fought,' literally 'it was
fought,' Intransitive verbs are often thus used impersonally in the
passive, with the subject implied in the verb itself, as pugnatum
est = _pugna pugnata est_.

11. aestatis, partitive genitive. Notice that multum is used as a noun.

13. nactus. The perfect active participle is wanting in Latin, but the
perfect participle of deponent verbs is active in meaning.

24. specie horribili. See the note on 4, 14.

26. timore perterriti. See the note on 14, 11.

continebantur, 'kept themselves shut up.' This is the so-called reflexive
use of the passive, in which the subject is represented as acting upon
itself.

pecora. This word is used of herds of cattle, pecudes (line 25) of single
animals, especially sheep.

28. commotus consuluit. See the note on 18, 4.

21. 3. liberaret. See the note on 16, 27.

oraculo. Notice that parere is intransitive and has the dative of
indirect object, while 'obey' is transitive. It may help to understand
the Latin construction if you translate such verbs as _pareo_ by
intransitives, here 'to submit to.'