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The Public Orations of Demosthenes, volume 1 by Demosthenes
page 15 of 220 (06%)
goodwill of generals and soldiers who could without much difficulty find
employment under other masters, were evils which were bound to hamper any
attempt to give effect to a well-planned and far-sighted scheme of action.

It also resulted from the Athenian system of government that the general, while
obviously better informed of the facts of the military situation than any one
else could be, and at the same time always liable to be brought to trial in case
of failure, had little influence upon policy, unless he could find an effective
speaker to represent him. In the Assembly and in the law-courts (where the
juries were large enough to be treated in the same manner as the Assembly
itself) the orator who could win the people's ear was all powerful, and expert
knowledge could only make itself felt through the medium of oratory.

A constitution which gave so much power to the orator had grave disadvantages.
The temptation to work upon the feelings rather than to appeal to the reason of
the audience was very strong, and no charge is more commonly made by one orator
against another than that of deceiving or attempting to deceive the people. It
is, indeed, very difficult to judge how far an Athenian Assembly was really
taken in by sophistical or dishonest arguments: but it is quite certain that
such arguments were continually addressed to it; and the main body of the
citizens can scarcely have had that first-hand knowledge of facts, which would
enable them to criticize the orator's statements. Again, the oration appealed to
the people as a performance, no less than as a piece of reasoning. Ancient
political oratory resembled the oratory of the pulpit at the present day, not
only because it appealed perpetually to the moral sense, and was in fact a kind
of preaching; but also because the main difficulty of the ancient orator and the
modern preacher was the same: for the Athenians liked being preached at, as the
modern congregation 'enjoys' a good sermon, and were, therefore, almost equally
immune against conversion. The conflicts of rival orators were regarded mainly
as an entertainment. The speaker who was most likely to carry the voting (except
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