Parallels in drift in related languages. Phonetic law as illustrated
in the history of certain English and German vowels and consonants.
Regularity of phonetic law. Shifting of sounds without destruction
of phonetic pattern. Difficulty of explaining the nature of phonetic
drifts. Vowel mutation in English and German. Morphological
influence on phonetic change. Analogical levelings to offset
irregularities produced by phonetic laws. New morphological features
due to phonetic change.

IX. HOW LANGUAGES INFLUENCE EACH OTHER

Linguistic influences due to cultural contact. Borrowing of words.
Resistances to borrowing. Phonetic modification of borrowed words.
Phonetic interinfluencings of neighboring languages. Morphological
borrowings. Morphological resemblances as vestiges of genetic
relationship.

X. LANGUAGE, RACE, AND CULTURE

Naïve tendency to consider linguistic, racial, and cultural
groupings as congruent. Race and language need not correspond.
Cultural and linguistic boundaries not identical. Coincidences
between linguistic cleavages and those of language and culture due
to historical, not intrinsic psychological, causes. Language does
not in any deep sense "reflect" culture.

XL LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE

Language as the material or medium of literature. Literature may
move on the generalized linguistic plane or may be inseparable from