3. But words signifying kindred, have their termination usually in gua
also, for which see section 16.

SIVEN, RINA.

4, 5. _Other verbal substantives_, signifying instruments, are made
from the future active: thus, the verb métecan, I chop, having métetze
in the future, receives siven in lieu of the final syllable, and makes
the substantive, métesiven, axe or tool with which to chop. Many of
these words likewise terminate in rina, as bícusirina, flute, from
bícudan, I whistle, and bíhirina, shovel, from bihán, I scrape.

RAGUA, SURA.

6, 7. Many _abstract nouns_ are formed by the addition of the particle
ragua, as váde, joyously; váderagua, joy; déni, good; déniragua,
goodness; dóhme, man, or people; dóhmeragua, humanity; and so
diósragua, divinity. Others, substantive nouns, applied to certain
places end in súra, as, omásúra, canebrake, from om, cane, and súra,
in or among; huérigosúra, reedfield; húparosúra, mesquitscrub: and so
a town is called Opósúra, because it is among some trees called opó,
elm.

8. The _verbs are substantives_ likewise, and as such are declined as
much so as the same words are conjugated when verbs: thus, nemútzan,
I bewitch, is also wizard, and hiósguan, I write, is scrivener; but
it is to be observed of these substantives, as well as of those which
end in daugh, that they too have equally their times, as nemútzan,
the wizard--that is now, in the present; nemútzari, the preterite that
has; nemútzatze, the future that will, with the difference that these