violate her laws #(potestas coercitiva)#.

And this is not one scholar's theory, but the formal and repeated
proclamation of infallible popes. Here is the "Syllabus of Errors",
issued by Pope Pius IX, Dec. 8th, 1864, declaring in substance that

The state has not the right to leave every man free to
profess and embrace whatever religion he shall deem true.

It has not the right to enact that the ecclesiastical power
shall require the permission of the civil power in order to
the exercise of its authority.

Then in the same Syllabus the rights and powers of the Church are
affirmed in substance:

She has the right to require the state not to leave every
man free to profess his own religion.

She has the right to exercise her power without the
permission or consent of the state.

She has the right of perpetuating the union of church and
state.

She has the right to require that the Catholic religion
shall be the only religion of the state, to the exclusion of
all others.

She has the right to prevent the state from granting the