§5. The Canon of Residues 232


CHAPTER XVII

COMBINATION OF INDUCTION WITH DEDUCTION

§1. Deductive character of Formal Induction 236
§2. Further complication of Deduction with Induction 238
§3. The Direct Deductive (or Physical) Method 240
§4. Opportunities of Error in the Physical Method 243
§5. The Inverse Deductive (or Historical) Method 246
§6. Precautions in using the Historical Method 251
§7. The Comparative Method 255
§8. Historical Evidence 261


CHAPTER XVIII

HYPOTHESES

§1. Hypothesis defined and distinguished from Theory 266
§2. An Hypothesis must be verifiable 268
§3. Proof of Hypotheses 270
(1) Must an hypothetical agent be directly observable? (p. 270);
_Vera causa_ (p. 271)
(2) An Hypothesis must be adequate to its pretensions (p. 272);
_Exceptio probat regulam_ (p. 274)
(3) Every competing Hypothesis must be excluded (p. 275);
Crucial instance (p. 277)