women would have nothing do with the "Yankees," and ill feeling arose because
of their antipathy. Carl Schurz reported that "the soldier of the Union is
looked upon as a stranger, an intruder, as the 'Yankee,' the 'enemy.' . . .
The existence and intensity of this aversion is too well known to those who
have served or are serving in the South to require proof."

In retaliation the soldiers developed ingenious ways of annoying the whites.
Women, forced for any reason to go to headquarters, were made to take the oath
of allegiance or the "ironclad" oath before their requests were granted; flags
were fastened over doors, gates, or sidewalks in order to irritate the
recalcitrant dames and their daughters. Confederate songs and color
combinations were forbidden. In Richmond, General Halleck ordered that no
marriages be performed unless the bride, the groom, and the officiating
clergyman took the oath of allegiance. He explained this as a measure taken to
prevent "the propagation of legitimate rebels."

The wearing of Confederate uniforms was forbidden by military order, but by
May 1865, few soldiers possessed regulation uniforms. In Tennessee the State
also imposed fines upon *wear wearers of the uniform. In the vicinity of
military posts, buttons and marks of rank were usually ordered removed and the
gray clothes dyed with some other color. General Lee, for example, had the
buttons on his coat covered with cloth. But frequently the Federal commander,
after issuing the orders, paid no more attention to the matter and such
conflicts as arose on account of the uniform were usually caused by officious
enlisted men and the Negro troops. Whitelaw Reid relates the following
incident:

"Nothing was more touching, in all that I saw in Savannah, than the almost
painful effort of the rebels, from generals down to privates, to conduct
themselves so as to evince respect for our soldiers, and to bring no severer