1. The disfranchisement of the Negro.

2. The legal creation of a distinct status of civil inferiority
for the Negro.

3. The steady withdrawal of aid from institutions for the
higher training of the Negro.

These movements are not, to be sure, direct results of Mr.
Washington's teachings; but his propaganda has, without a
shadow of doubt, helped their speedier accomplishment. The
question then comes: Is it possible, and probable, that nine
millions of men can make effective progress in economic
lines if they are deprived of political rights, made a servile
caste, and allowed only the most meagre chance for develop-
ing their exceptional men? If history and reason give any
distinct answer to these questions, it is an emphatic NO. And
Mr. Washington thus faces the triple paradox of his career:

1. He is striving nobly to make Negro artisans business
men and property-owners; but it is utterly impossible, under
modern competitive methods, for workingmen and property-
owners to defend their rights and exist without the right of
suffrage.

2. He insists on thrift and self-respect, but at the same time
counsels a silent submission to civic inferiority such as is
bound to sap the manhood of any race in the long run.

3. He advocates common-school and industrial training,