to take the risk. Individual speculators, very conscious
of the risk, demanded a monopoly of trade before agreeing
to plant a colony. But this caused new difficulty. The
moment a monopoly was granted, unlicensed traders raised
an outcry and upbraided the government for injustice.

Such were the problems upon the successful or unsuccessful
solution of which depended enormous national interests,
and each country faced them according to its institutions,
rulers, and racial genius. It only needs a table of events
to show how fully the English, the French, and the Dutch
realized that something must be done. In 1600 Pierre
Chauvin landed sixteen French colonists at Tadoussac. On
his return in 1601 he found that they had taken refuge
with the Indians. In 1602 Gosnold, sailing from Falmouth,
skirted the coast of Norumbega from Casco Bay to Cuttyhunk.
In 1603 the ships of De Chastes, with Champlain aboard,
spent the summer in the St Lawrence; while during the
same season Martin Pring took a cargo of sassafras in
Massachusetts Bay. From 1604. to 1607 the French under
De Monts, Poutrincourt, and Champlain were actively
engaged in the attempt to colonize Acadia. But they were
not alone in setting up claims to this region. In 1605
Waymouth, sailing from Dartmouth, explored the mouth of
the Kennebec and carried away five natives. In 1606 James
I granted patents to the London Company and the Plymouth
Company which, by their terms, ran athwart the grant of
Henry IV to De Monts. In the same year Sir Ferdinando
Gorges sent Pring once more to Norumbega. In 1607 Raleigh,
Gilbert, and George Popham made a small settlement at