of talking. This defective pronunciation in Negligent Lisping is
caused either by a FAILURE or an INABILITY to observe others who
speak correctly. We learn to speak by imitation, and failing to
observe the correct method of speaking in others, we naturally
fail to speak correctly ourselves. In Negligent Lisping, this
inability properly to imitate correct speech processes, results in
the substitution of an incorrect sound for the correct one with
consequent faulty formation of words.

ORGANIC LISPING: This results from an organic or physical defect
in the vocal organs, such as hare-lip, feeble lip, malformation of
the tongue, defective teeth, overshot or undershot jaw, high
palatal arch, cleft palate, defective palate, relaxed palate
following an operation for adenoids, obstructed nasal passages or
defective hearing.

NEUROTIC LISPING: This is a form of speech marked by short, rapid
muscular contractions instead of the smooth and easy action used
in producing normal sounds. Neurotic Lisping is often found to be
combined with stammering or stuttering, which is quite logical,
since it is similar, both as to CAUSE and as to the presence of a
MENTAL DISTURBANCE. In Neurotic Lisping, the muscular movements
are less spasmodic than in cases of stuttering, partaking more of
the cramped sticking movement, common in stammering.

STUTTERING

Stuttering may be generally defined as the repetition--rapid in
some cases, slow in others--of a word or a syllable, before the
following word or syllable can be uttered. Stuttering may take