Edited by Charles Aldarondo Aldarondo@yahoo.com




MUTUAL AID

A FACTOR OF EVOLUTION

BY P. KROPOTKIN

1902






INTRODUCTION





Two aspects of animal life impressed me most during the
journeys which I made in my youth in Eastern Siberia and Northern
Manchuria. One of them was the extreme severity of the struggle
for existence which most species of animals have to carry on
against an inclement Nature; the enormous destruction of life
which periodically results from natural agencies; and the