of Cato, that the adoption of a slave by his master is equiva-
lent to manumission. In accordance with this we have in our
wisdom ruled by a constitution that a slave to whom his master
gives the title of son by the solemn form of a record is thereby
made free, although this is not sufficient to confer on him the
rights of a son.

TITLE XII
OF THE MODES IN WHICH PATERNAL POWER
IS EXTINGUISHED

Let us now examine the modes in which persons dependent
on a superior become independent. How slaves are freed
from the power of their masters can be gathered from what
has already been said respecting their manumission. Children
under paternal power become independent at the parent's death,
subject, however, to the following distinction. The death of a
father always releases his sons and daughters from dependence;
the death of a grandfather releases his grandchildren from
dependence only provided that it does not subject them to
the power of their father. Thus, if at the death of the grand-
father the father is alive and in his power, the grandchildren,
after the grandfather's death, are in the power of the father;
but if at the time of the grandfather's death the father is dead,
or not subject to the grandfather, the grandchildren will not
fall under his power, but become independent. 1 As
deportation to an island for some penal offence entails loss of
citizenship, such removal of a man from the list of Roman
citizens has, like his death, the effect of liberating his children
from his power; and conversely, the deportation of a person