fashioned principles, and opposed the growing tendency to luxury. All
innovations were in his eyes little less than crimes. He was the
author of several works, one of which, a treatise on agriculture, has
been preserved.

Cicero's "Cato Major" represents him in his eighty-fourth year
discoursing about old age with Africánus the younger, and Laelius, a
friend of the latter.




CHAPTER XX.

ROME AND SPAIN.-THE NUMANTINE AND SERVILE WARS. (206-132.)


Africanus the elder left Spain in 206. After a provincial government
of nine years (206-197), the country was divided into two provinces,
separated by the IBÉRUS (Ebro), and each province was assigned to a
praetor. It was some time, however, before Spain was really brought
into a state of complete peace and order. The mountains and forests
were a formidable obstacle to the Roman legions, and favored guerilla
warfare, which makes conquest slow and laborious.

The most warlike of the Spanish tribes was the CELTIBÉRI, who occupied
the interior of the peninsula. They were always uncertain and
intractable, continually breaking out into revolt. In 195, Cato the
elder put down a rebellion led by them. He established more firmly the
Roman power east of the Ibérus. He disarmed the inhabitants of this