part of Spain, and compelled all from the Pyrenees to the Guadalquivir
to pull down their fortifications.

Still the smouldering fires of rebellion were not extinguished, for,
sixteen years later (179), we find TIBERIUS SEMPRONIUS GRACCHUS, the
father of the famous Gracchi, as Governor of Spain, fighting the
troublesome Celtibéri. He captured over one hundred of their towns,
but tempered his victories with moderate measures, showing himself
greater in peace than in war. He granted to the poorer classes lands
on favorable conditions, and did much to produce contentment among the
natives. But farther west, in the valleys of the Douro and Tagus, and
in Lusitania (Portugal), there seems to have been constant warfare.

In 154, MUMMIUS, the same who eight years later sacked Corinth, was
Governor of Farther Spain. His defeat by the Lusitanians encouraged
the Celtibéri to revolt again, and there followed another defeat, with
a massacre of many Roman citizens. Two years later (152), CLAUDIUS
MARCELLUS avenged these losses, founded Corduba, and governed the
country humanely. His successors, LUCIUS LUCULLUS and SERVIUS GALBA,
were so cruel and grasping as to drive the Lusitanians into another
open rebellion, headed by VIRIÁTHUS, a bold and daring bandit. During
seven years (147-140) he defeated again and again the armies sent
against him. The Celtibéri joined his standards, and Spain seemed
likely to slip from the Romans. The only check to these successes was
during the command of METELLUS MACEDONICUS (143); when he was
recalled, matters returned to their former condition.

In 140, the Consul Mancínus was obliged to capitulate, and, to save
himself and his army, made a treaty which the Senate refused to
sanction.