as we escape into the country."[40] Archias probably did something for
him in directing his taste, and has been rewarded thus richly. As to
other lessons, we know that he was instructed in law by Scaevola, and
he has told us that he listened to Crassus and Antony. At sixteen he
went through the ceremony of putting off his boy's dress, the toga
praetexta, and appearing in the toga virilis before the Praetor, thus
assuming his right to go about a man's business. At sixteen the work
of education was _not_ finished--no more than it is with us when a lad
at Oxford becomes "of age" at twenty-one; nor was he put beyond his
father's power, the "patria potestas," from which no age availed to
liberate a son; but, nevertheless, it was a very joyful ceremony,
and was duly performed by Cicero in the midst of his studies with
Scaevola.

At eighteen he joined the army. That doctrine of the division of labor
which now, with us, runs through and dominates all pursuits, had not
as yet been made plain to the minds of men at Rome by the political
economists of the day. It was well that a man should know something of
many things--that he should especially, if he intended to be a leader
of men, be both soldier and orator. To rise to be Consul, having first
been Quaestor, Aedile, and Praetor, was the path of glory. It had been
the special duty of the Consuls of Rome, since the establishment of
consular government, to lead the armies of the Republic. A portion of
the duty devolved upon the Praetors, as wars became more numerous; and
latterly the commanders were attended by Quaestors. The Governors of
the provinces, Proconsuls, or Propretors with proconsular authority,
always combined military with civil authority. The art of war was,
therefore, a necessary part of the education of a man intended to rise
in the service of the State. Cicero, though, in his endeavor to follow
his own tastes, he made a strong effort to keep himself free from