such work, and to remain at Rome instead of being sent abroad as
a Governor, had at last to go where fighting was in some degree
necessary, and, in the saddest phase of his life, appeared in Italy
with his lictors, demanding the honors of a triumph. In anticipation
of such a career, no doubt under the advice of his friends, he now
went out to see, if not a battle, something, at any rate, of war. It
has already been said how the citizenship of Rome was conferred on
some of the small Italian States around, and not on others. Hence, of
course, arose jealousy, which was increased by the feeling on the part
of those excluded that they were called to furnish soldiers to
Rome, as well as those who were included. Then there was formed
a combination of Italian cities, sworn to remedy the injury thus
inflicted on them. Their purpose was to fight Rome in order that they
might achieve Roman citizenship; and hence arose the first civil war
which distracted the Empire. Pompeius Strabo, father of Pompey the
Great, was then Consul (B.C. 89), and Cicero was sent out to see the
campaign under him. Marius and Sulla, the two Romans who were destined
soon to bathe Rome in blood, had not yet quarrelled, though they had
been brought to hate each other--Marius by jealousy, and Sulla by
rivalry. In this war they both served under the Consuls, and Cicero
served with Sulla. We know nothing of his doings in that campaign.
There are no tidings even of a misfortune such as that which
happened to Horace when he went out to fight, and came home from the
battle-field "relicta non bene parmula."

Rome trampled on the rebellious cities, and in the end admitted them
to citizenship. But probably the most important, certainly the most
notorious, result of the Italian war, was the deep antagonism of
Marius and Sulla. Sulla had made himself conspicuous by his fortune on
the occasion, whereas Marius, who had become the great soldier of