Assimilation of _mp_ to _pp_ and _nk_ to _kk_ appears also quite
early in Danish and Swedish, e.g., _kap_ (_kapp_) and _drocken_ (see
Kalkar), _kapp_ and _drokken_ (Sw.). _U--Umlaut_ seems to be more
limited in O.N. than in O. Ic. O. Ic. _hl_, _hn_, _hr_ initially
appear early as simple _l_, _n_, _r_ in O.N. (see Noreen 528), e.g.,
O. Ic. _hlaupa_, O.N. _loupa_; O. Ic. _hniga_, O.N. _niga_; O. Ic.
_hringr_, O.N. _ringr_; O. Ic. _fn_ appears in O.N. as _bn_ or _mn_,
e.g., O. Ic. _nafn_, O.N. _namn_ (N. Norse _navn_, _nabn_, _namn_).
Initial _hv_, which was a heavy guttural spirant, became _kv_ in
Western Norway, _kv_ and _khv_ in Iceland (though written _hv_
still), e.g., O.N., O. Ic. _hvelva_, Norse _kvelva_. O.N. _ø_ became
_œæ_ in Iceland, _døma_ > _dœæma_. O.N. _œæi_ became _ei_ in Iceland,
e.g., O.N. _stϾin_ > O. Ic. _stein_, O.N. _bϾin_ > O. Ic. _bein_
(_stin_ and _bin_ in O. Dan.).


9. CHARACTERISTICS OF OLD NORTHUMBRIAN.

The following are some of the chief differences between O. Nhb. and
W. S:

1. Preference in O. Nhb. for _a_ in many cases where W. S. has _e_.

2. _A_ sometimes appears in closed syllable where W.S. has æ.

3. _A_ before _l_ + consonant is not broken to _ea_ (Sievers
§121.3, and Lindelöf: Die Sprache des Durham Rituals).

4. _A_ before _r_ + consonant very frequently not broken, cp.